Beltane: The Fire Festival of Fertility
Beltane: The Fire Festival of Fertility by Penelope Davis

Beltane is an ancient Celtic festival celebrated on May 1st, marking the midpoint between the spring equinox and the summer solstice. Beltane heralds the beginning of the warm half of the year. It is a time when the earth’s energies are thought to be at their peak, overflowing with life, passion, and potential.
Origins and Historical Significance
Beltane originates from the Gaelic traditions of Ireland, Scotland, and the Isle of Man. The name is believed to derive from the Old Irish Bel Taine, meaning “bright fire” or “Bel’s fire”, referencing the Celtic god Belenus—a deity associated with the sun, healing, and fertility.
Historically, Beltane was one of the four major Gaelic seasonal festivals, alongside Samhain (October 31), Imbolc (February 1), and Lughnasadh (August 1). It marked when pastoral communities would move their herds to summer pastures. Bonfires were lit to honor the sun and encourage its warmth for crops and animals. Cattle were driven between two fires as a ritual of purification and protection.
A Celebration of Fire and Fertility
Central to Beltane is the theme of fire. Bonfires were believed to have protective and cleansing powers. Participants would leap over the flames or embers to bring fertility, good fortune, or to ward off illness. The fire also symbolized the sun’s growing power to call the seeds to sprout.
Fertility rites are a common part of Beltane and was a time of sexual freedom and the symbolic marriage of the May Queen and the Green Man, representing the sacred union of earth and sky. Young couples would spend the night in the woods or fields, invoking the fertile power of the land.
The maypole dance—a later addition from Germanic and British traditions—became a prominent feature of Beltane in some areas. Dancers would weave ribbons around a pole, symbolizing the spiral of life and the interconnectedness of community and nature.
Modern Revivals and Neo-Pagan Celebrations
In recent decades, Beltane has been revived by modern Pagan and Wiccan
communities as a joyful celebration of life, sexuality, and the earth’s abundance.
Contemporary rituals may include:
-Lighting a ceremonial fire or candle: Bonfires are a major part of this celebration and sharing one with friends and family can be an easy and accessible way to participate.
-Dancing around a maypole
-Handfasting ceremonies (pagan weddings)
-Outdoor feasts and music: This can be as simple as having a picnic in a park or as lavash as hosting a dinner for a group of friends.
-Nature walks: Spending time in nature and soaking in the sun.
-Making flower garlands: Daisy, dandelion, and other flowers can be used to make crowns or be braided into hair.
-Personal or group rites honoring fertility, creativity, and love
The Beltane Fire Festival in Edinburgh, Scotland, held annually since 1988, is one of the most prominent modern celebrations. It blends Celtic traditions with theatrical performance, dance, and symbolic rituals, attracting thousands of attendees each year.

Citations:
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (2025, February 7). Beltane. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Beltane
Swanner, R. (2025, April 24). 15 beltane rituals to try this year. The Pagan Grimoire. https://www.pagangrimoire.com/beltane-rituals/Text content

Penelope Davis (they/them) is a resident in counseling in Phases Therapy’s Richmond office.
To learn more about Penelope and inquire about booking, head over to
https://phases-therapy.com/outpatient/penelope-davis/